National Income

4 Sectors of Economy

• Firm
• Consumers
• Government
• External/International Market

Firm Gives Goods & services
Consumers are the factors of Production

Salary = Expense+savings

Savings = banks provide(Invests) those savings as loans to firms

Leakages - When money kept in Household but not invested

Stocks & Flows

Any economic variable which has been accumulated as a specific point of time for flow is stock

The variable which increases  or decreases the stock

Change from savings o investment is capital formation

Dependency Ratio = Ratio of the people who are dependent / independent People

Thus National Income is defined as the money value of all the final goods & services produced in an economy during an accounting period of time generally one year

ASP.NET AJAX

1. What is ASP.NET AJAX?

ASP.NET AJAX, mostly called AJAX, is a set of extensions of ASP.NET. It is developed by Microsoft to implement AJAX functionalities in Web applications. ASP.NET AJAX provides a set of components that enable the developers to develop applications that can update only a specified portion of data without refreshing the entire page. The ASP.NET AJAX works with the AJAX Library that uses object-oriented programming (OOP) to develop rich Web applications that communicate with the server using asynchronous postback.

2. What is the difference between synchronous postback and asynchronous postback?

The difference between synchronous and asynchronous postback is as follows:

• Asynchronous postback renders only the required part of the page; whereas, synchronous postback renders the entire page for any postback.
• Asynchronous postback executes only one postback at a time, that is, if you have two buttons doing asynchronous postback, the actions will be performed one by one; whereas, synchronous postback executes all the actions at once.
• Asynchronous postback only modifies the update panel that raises the postback; whereas, synchronous postback modifies the entire page.

3. What technologies are being used in AJAX?

AJAX uses four technologies, which are as follows:

• JavaScript
• XMLHttpRequest
• Document Object Model (DOM)
• Extensible HTML (XHTML) and Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)

4. Why do we use the XMLHttpRequest object in AJAX?

The XMLHttpRequest object is used by JavaScript to transfer XML and other text data between client and server. The XMLHttpRequest object allows a client-side script to perform an HTTP request. AJAX applications use the XMLHttpRequest object so that the browser can communicate to the server without requiring a postback of the entire page. In earlier versions of Internet Explorer, MSXML ActiveX component is liable to provide this functionality; whereas, Internet Explorer 7 and other browsers, such as Mozilla Firefox,XMLHttpRequest is not liable to.

5. How can we get the state of the requested process?

XMLHttpRequest get the current state of the request operation by using the readyState property. This property checks the state of the object to determine if any action should be taken. The readyState property uses numeric values to represent the state.

Web Services

1. What are Windows services?

Windows services, previously known as NT services, are applications that are installed on the system as system services. In other words, Windows services are applications that run in the background with the Windows operating system. The primary use of Windows services is to reduce the consumption of memory required for performing backend operations. Let's take an example to understand this easily. Suppose you want to perform a variety of functions, such as monitor the performance of your computer or application, check the status of an application, and manage various devices, such as printers.

In such a case, you can use Windows services to reduce memory consumption. In addition, Windows services can run on your system even if you have not logged on to your computer. In addition, these services do not have any user interface.

2. Can you share a process between Windows services?

Yes, you can share a process between Windows services.

3. In .NET, which is the parent class to create all Windows services?

The ServiceBase class is the parent class to create all Windows services.

4. Which class in .NET is used to install a Windows service?

The ServiceInstaller class, also known as the project installer class, is used to install a Windows service.

5. While installing a Windows service, an EventLogInstaller class is automatically created to install the event log related to the particular service. Is it true?

Yes, it is true.

6. Which property of the ServiceBase class can be used to specify whether a service can be paused and resumed?

The CanPauseAndContinue property provides such type of service.

Awards and Honours 2014

Manmohan Singh Received Japan’s Top National Award
Former Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh was conferred with the “Grand Cordon of the Order of the Paulownia Flowers” Award on 5 November. The “Grand Cordon of the Order of the Paulownia Flowers” is perceived as the second highest civilian award of Japan after “Order of the Chrysanthemum”. The award was presented to Manmohan Singh by Japanese Emperor Akihito at the Imperial Palace in Tokyo. He was given this award for his “significant contribution to the enhancement of relations and promotion of friendship” between Japan and India. He became the first Indian to receive this prestigious award.

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West Bengal’s Darjeeling Zoo Selected For Earth Heroes Award 2014
The Darjeeling Zoo or the Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park was on 1 November selected for the prestigious International Award The Earth Heroes Award 2014. It has become the first zoo in India. It has competed with 300 zoos across the world. Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park  is largest high altitude zoo of India. It is located in West Bengal.The Earth Heroes award is annually awarded by the Royal Bank of Scotland in collaboration with the Government of United Kingdom.

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Neha Gupta Received International Children’s Peace Prize 2014
Indian-American student Neha Gupta has won the 2014 International Children’s Peace Prize Award for her exceptional work to raise money for underprivileged children around the world. Nobel Peace Laureate Desmond Tutu the patron of the Dutch children’s rights organization presented her with the award on 18 November in The Hague, Netherlands. She is the first American to be awarded with this prize.

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ISRO selected For Indira Gandhi Prize For Peace – 2014
Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has been selected for the Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development for 2014 in recognition of its path-breaking achievements including the Mars Orbiter Mission and contribution in strengthening international cooperation in peaceful use of outer space. ISRO was selected for the award by a jury chaired by Vice President Hamid Ansari on 19 November 2014.

XML

1. What is Extensible Markup Language (XML).

XML is a simple and flexible markup language in the text format. Nowadays, it is widely used to exchange a large variety of data over the Internet. XML consists of data as text in well-defined customized layouts by using self-defining tags. These user-defined tags are user friendly because they contain the name given by the user and make the information easily understandable to a user. These user-friendly features made XML to be widely used as a standard data-interchange format. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) frequently develops new standard for XML usage by different software vendors and solution providers. XML plays a very significant role with respect to .NET Framework 4.0. .NET Framework 4.0 provides us with a namespace called System.Xml, which includes classes that are used to work with XML.

2. What is the version information in XML?

"Version" tag shows which version of XML is used.

3. If XML does not have closing tag will it work?

No, every tag in XML, which is opened, should have a closing tag.

4. Is XML case sensitive?

Yes, XML is case sensitive.

5. Explain the difference between XML and HTML.

• XML describes data while HTML describes how the data should be displayed. Therefore, HTML is about displaying information while XML is about describing information.
• XML supports user-defined tags while HTML provides pre-defined tags.
• XML is a case-sensitive language while HTML language is not case-sensitive.
• In XML, all tags must be closed; while in HTML, it is not necessary to close each tag.

Language-Integrated Query (LINQ)

1. What is Language Integrated Query (LINQ)?

LINQ is a programming model that is the composition of general-purpose standard query operators that allow you to work with data, regardless of the data source in any .NET based programming language. It is the name given to a set of technologies based on the integration of query capabilities into any .NET language.

2. What are LINQ query expressions?

A LINQ query, also known as a query expression, consists of a combination of query clauses that identify the data sources for the query. It includes instructions for sorting, filtering, grouping, or joining to apply to the source data. The LINQ query expressions syntax is similar to the SQL syntax. It specifies what information should be retrieved from the data source.

3. Write the basic steps to execute a LINQ query.

The following are the three basic steps to execute a LINQ query:

• Obtain the data source (The data source can be either an SQL database or an XML file)
• Create a query
• Execute the query

4. Write the basic syntax of a LINQ query in Visual Basic as well as in C#.

In Visual Basic, the basic syntax of a LINQ query starts with the From clause and ends with the Select or Group By clause. In addition, you can use the Where, Order By, and Order By Descending clauses to perform additional functions, such as filtering data and generating the data in a specific order.

In C#, the basic syntax of a LINQ query starts with the From clause and ends with the Select or group by clause. In addition, you can use the where, orderby, and Orderby descending clauses to perform additional functions, such as filtering data and generating the data in a specific order.

5. In which statement the LINQ query is executed?

A LINQ query is executed in the For Each statement in Visual Basic and in the foreach statement in C#.

Windows Controls

1. How can we auto size a button to fit its text?

The Button control has the AutoSize property, which can be set to true or false. If we set the value of theAutoSize property to true, then the button control automatically alters its size according to the content displayed on it.

2. How can we display an icon or a bitmap image on the Button control?

The Button class contains the Image property, which is used to set an image on the Button control. We can also set the alignment of the image by using the ImageAlign property of the Button class.

3. Which method is used to generate the click event of the Control class for the Button control in C#?

The PerformClick() method of the Button class is used to generate the Click event of theSystem.Windows.Forms.Control class.

4. A Windows Form will not show the Minimize, Maximize, and Close buttons, if the ControlBox property of the form is set to False. (True/False)

True.

5. How is anchoring different from docking?

Docking refers to attaching a control to either an edge (top, right, bottom, or left) or the client area of the parent control. On the other hand, anchoring is a process in which you need to specify the distance that each edge of your control maintains from the edges of the parent control.

.NET Programming Concepts

1. Define variable and constant.

A variable can be defined as a meaningful name that is given to a data storage location in the computer memory that contains a value. Every variable associated with a data type determines what type of value can be stored in the variable, for example an integer, such as 100, a decimal, such as 30.05, or a character, such as 'A'.

You can declare variables by using the following syntax:

<Data_type> <variable_name> ;

A constant is similar to a variable except that the value, which you assign to a constant, cannot be changed, as in case of a variable. Constants must be initialized at the same time they are declared. You can declare constants by using the following syntax:

const int interestRate = 10;

2. What is a data type? How many types of data types are there in .NET ?

A data type is a data storage format that can contain a specific type or range of values. Whenever you declare variables, each variable must be assigned a specific data type. Some common data types include integers, floating point, characters, and strings. The following are the two types of data types available in .NET:

• Value type - Refers to the data type that contains the data. In other words, the exact value or the data is directly stored in this data type. It means that when you assign a value type variable to another variable, then it copies the value rather than copying the reference of that variable. When you create a value type variable, a single space in memory is allocated to store the value (stack memory). Primitive data types, such as int, float, and char are examples of value type variables.
• Reference type - Refers to a data type that can access data by reference. Reference is a value or an address that accesses a particular data by address, which is stored elsewhere in memory (heap memory). You can say that reference is the physical address of data, where the data is stored in memory or in the storage device. Some built-in reference types variables in .Net are string, array, and object.

3. Mention the two major categories that distinctly classify the variables of C# programs.

Variables that are defined in a C# program belong to two major categories: value type and reference type. The variables that are based on value type contain a value that is either allocated on a stack or allocated in-line in a structure. The variables that are based on reference types store the memory address of a variable, which in turn stores the value and are allocated on the heap. The variables that are based on value types have their own copy of data and therefore operations done on one variable do not affect other variables. The reference-type variables reflect the changes made in the referring variables.

Predict the output of the following code segment: 

int x = 42; 

int y = 12;

int w;

object o;

o = x;

w = y * (int)o; 

Console.WriteLine(w);


/* The output of the code is 504. */

4. Which statement is used to replace multiple if-else statements in code.

In Visual Basic, the Select-Case statement is used to replace multiple If - Else statements and in C#, theswitch-case statement is used to replace multiple if-else statements.

5. What is the syntax to declare a namespace in .NET?

In .NET, the namespace keyword is used to declare a namespace in the code.

The syntax for declaring a namespace in C# is:

namespace UserNameSpace;

The syntax for declaring a namespace in VB is:

Namespace UserNameSpace

Cloud Computing

1. What is cloud computing?

The cloud computing is the computing which is completely based on the Internet. It can also be defined as the next stage in the evolution of the Internet. The cloud computing uses the cloud (Internet) that provides the way to deliver the services whenever and wherever the user of the cloud needs. Companies use the cloud computing to fulfill the needs of their customers, partners, and providers. The cloud computing includes vendors, partners, and business leaders as the three major contributors. The vendors are the one who provide applications and their related technology, infrastructure, hardware, and integration.

The partners are those who offer cloud services demand and provide support service to the customers. The business leaders are the ones who use or evaluate the cloud service provided by the partners. The cloud computing enables the companies to treat their resources as a pool and not as independent resources.

2. What is a cloud?

A cloud is a combination of hardware, networks, storage, services, and interfaces that helps in delivering computing as a service. It has broadly three users which are end user, business management user, and cloud service provider. The end user is the one who uses the services provided by the cloud. The business management user in the cloud takes the responsibility of the data and the services provided by the cloud. The cloud service provider is the one who takes care or is responsible for the maintenance of the IT assets of the cloud. The cloud acts as a common center for its users to fulfill their computing needs.

3. What are the basic characteristics of cloud computing?

The four basic characteristics of cloud computing are given as follows:

• Elasticity and scalability.
• Self-service provisioning and automatic de-provisioning.
• Standardized interfaces.
• Billing self-service based usage model.

4. What is a Cloud Service?

A cloud service is a service that is used to build cloud applications. This service provides the facility of using the cloud application without installing it on the computer. It reduces the maintenance and support of the application as compared to those applications that are not developed using the cloud service. The different kinds of users can use the application from the cloud service, which may be public or private application.

5. What are main features of cloud services?

Some important features of the cloud service are given as follows:

• Accessing and managing the commercial software.
• Centralizing the activities of management of software in the Web environment.
• Developing applications that are capable of managing several clients.
• Centralizing the updating feature of software that eliminates the need of downloading the upgrades.

Current Affairs 2014

Question 11

Nobel Prize 2014 for literature was won by _____.

a) Patrick Modiano

b) Alice Munro

c) Mo Yan

d) Orhan Pamuk

Answer : a) Patrick Modiano

Question 12

Nobel Prize 2014 for peace was won by _____.

a) Leymah Gbowee & Tawakkul Karman

b) European Union

c) Kailash Satyarthi & Malala Yousafzai

d) Ellen Johnson Sirleaf

Answer : c) Kailash Satyarthi & Malala Yousafzai

Question 13

UNICEF's Goodwill Ambassador for South Asia is _____.

a) Sharukh Khan

b) Rajinikanth

c) Mohanlal

d) Aamir Khan

Answer : d) Aamir Khan

Question 14

International Day of the Girl Child was observed on _____.

a) Oct 5

b) Oct 9

c) Oct 11

d) Oct 13

Answer : c) Oct 11

Question 15

Future Groups signed a deal with _____ to sell goods over the internet.

a) Flipkart

b) Amazon

c) Snapdeal

d) Infibeam

Answer : b) Amazon

Question 16

Nobel Prize 2014 for Economics was won by ____.

a) Robert J. Shiller

b) Lars Peter Hansen

c) Jean Tirole

d) Eugene F. Fama

Answer : c) Jean Tirole

Question 17

Dutch Open Grand Prix badminton tournament was won by _____.

a) Ajay Jayaram

b) Ihsan Maulana Mustofa

c) Mumbaikar

d) Rajiv Ouseph

Answer : a) Ajay Jayaram

Question 18

Man Booker Prize 2014 was won by _____.

a) Karen Joy Fowler

b) Ali Smith

c) Howard Jacobson

d) Richard Flanagan

Answer : d) Richard Flanagan

Question 19

The new Managing Director (MD) of Chennai Petroleum Corporation Ltd (CPCL) is _____.

a) Gautham Roy

b) A S Basu

c) S Venkataramana

d) None of these

Answer : a) Gautham Roy

Question 20

Global Handwashing Day (GHD) was observed on ____.

a) Oct 8

b) Oct 11

c) Oct 13

d) Oct 15

Answer : d) Oct 15

Application Deployment

1. What is deployment?

Deployment refers to the distribution of an application among various end-users. It is a process that makes software available for use by just installing it on the client computer.

2. List different ways of deployment that are supported by .NET Framework 4.0.

• Windows Installer
• ClickOnce
• XCOPY
• Copy Web Site
• Publish Web Site tool

3. What is XCOPY?

XCOPY enables you to deploy an application by copying the application directory and all subdirectories to the target computer and then executing the application on the client. The application starts executing on the target computer by using its assembly file, which is a self-description file that contains all the information about the application. The XCOPY deployment does not make any impact on the target system while configuring the components and registering entries, and is therefore known as zero-impact installation.

4. Does XCOPY copy the hidden and system files?

No. By default, XCOPY excludes the hidden and system files. However, you can include the hidden and system files using the /h switch.

5. Why do you use Windows Installer?

The Windows Installer deployment technique allows you to deploy Windows-based and Web applications by creating a Windows Installer Package. The installer package has an extension of .msi and it contains the application, any dependent files, registry entries, and the rest. The installer package can then be distributed to various end-users by simply copying it on the target computers.

The end-users can then run the installer package to install the application anywhere in their computers. The installation takes place using the installation wizard; therefore, the users can easily install the application on their system. Once your application is installed on the target computer, end-users can open the application from the installed location.

Windows Workflow Foundation

1. What is Windows Workflow Foundation (WF)?

Windows Workflow Foundation (WF) is a technology that was first introduced in .NET Framework 3.0. WF consists of a programming model, a workflow runtime engine, workflow designer, a rules engine, and tools to quickly build workflow-based applications on Windows. WF facilitates the separation between the business process code and the actual implementation code.

2. What are the components of WF 4.0?

WF consists of several components that work together to create desired workflow. The components of WF are given as follows:

• Workflows and activities
• Base activity library
• Custom activities
• Host process
• Activity data mode!
• Runtime engine
• Runtime services

3. What is a workflow?

A workflow is a collection of actions (called activities) that presents the model of a process. A workflow provides a way to describe the order of the execution of a long running process and relationships between different activities. Multiple instances of a workflow may be active at any given moment in an application.

ASP.NET

1. What is ASP?

Active Server Pages (ASP), also known as Classic ASP, is a Microsoft's server-side technology, which helps in creating dynamic and user-friendly Web pages. It uses different scripting languages to create dynamic Web pages, which can be run on any type of browser. The Web pages are built by using either VBScript or JavaScript and these Web pages have access to the same services as Windows application, including ADO (ActiveX Data Objects) for database access, SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) for e-mail, and the entire COM (Component Object Model) structure used in the Windows environment. ASP is implemented through a dynamic-link library (asp.dll) that is called by the IIS server when a Web page is requested from the server.

2. What is ASP.NET?

ASP.NET is a specification developed by Microsoft to create dynamic Web applications, Web sites, and Web services. It is a part of .NET Framework. You can create ASP.NET applications in most of the .NET compatible languages, such as Visual Basic, C#, and J#. The ASP.NET compiles the Web pages and provides much better performance than scripting languages, such as VBScript. The Web Forms support to create powerful forms-based Web pages. You can use ASP.NET Web server controls to create interactive Web applications. With the help of Web server controls, you can easily create a Web application.

Dynamic Programming

1. What is Dynamic Language Runtime (DLR)?

DLR is a runtime environment that allows you to integrate dynamic languages with the Common Language Runtime (CLR) by adding a set of services, such as expression trees, call site caching, and dynamic object interoperability to the CLR.

The System.Dynamic and System.Runtime.CompilerServices namespaces are used to hold the classes for DLR. It also provides dynamic features to statically-typed languages, such as C# and Visual Basic to enable their interoperation with dynamic languages.

2. What are the advantages of DLR?

The various advantages provided by DLR are:

• Allows you to easily implement the dynamic languages to the .NET Framework.
• Provides dynamic features to statically-typed languages. The statically-typed .NET Framework languages, such as C# and Visual Basic can create dynamic objects and use them together with statically-typed objects.
• Implements sharing of libraries and objects, which means that the objects and libraries implemented in one language can be used by other languages using DLR. The DLR also enables interoperation between statically-typed and dynamic languages.
• Enables fast execution of dynamic operations by supporting advance caching.

3. Give a brief introduction to Binders.

Binders are used by DLR to communicate with not the .NET Framework but also with various other services, such as Silverlight and COM. These services represent language-specific semantics and specify how a particular operation can be performed at the call site.

Call sites refer to the area in the code where logical and mathematical operations, such as a + b or a.b() are performed on dynamic objects.

ADO.NET

1. What is the full form of ADO?

The full form of ADO is ActiveX Data Object.

2. Explain ADO.NET in brief.

ADO.NET is a very important feature of .NET Framework, which is used to work with data that is stored in structured data sources, such as databases and XML files. The following are some of the important features of ADO.NET:

• Contains a number of classes that provide you with various methods and attributes to manage the communication between your application and data source.
• Enables you to access different data sources, such as Microsoft SQL Server, and XML, as per your requirements.
• Provides a rich set of features, such as connection and commands that can be used to develop robust and highly efficient data services in .NET applications.
• Provides various data providers that are specific to databases produced by various vendors. For example, ADO.NET has a separate provider to access data from Oracle databases; whereas, another provider is used to access data from SQL databases.

3. What are major difference between classic ADO and ADO.NET?

Following are some major differences between both

• In ADO we have recordset and in ADO.NET we have dataset.
• In recordset we can only have one table. If we want to accommodate more than one tables. We need to do inner join and fill the recordset. Dataset can have multiple tables.
• All data persist in XML as compared to classic ADO where data persisted in Binary format also.

Object-Oriented Programming

1. What is object-oriented programming (OOP)?

OOP is a technique to develop logical modules, such as classes that contain properties, methods, fields, and events. An object is created in the program to represent a class. Therefore, an object encapsulates all the features, such as data and behavior that are associated to a class. OOP allows developers to develop modular programs and assemble them as software. Objects are used to access data and behaviors of different software modules, such as classes, namespaces, and sharable assemblies. .NET Framework supports only OOP languages, such as Visual Basic .NET, Visual C#, and Visual C++.

2. What is a class?

A class describes all the attributes of objects, as well as the methods that implement the behavior of member objects. It is a comprehensive data type, which represents a blue print of objects. It is a template of object.

A class can be defined as the primary building block of OOP. It also serves as a template that describes the properties, state, and behaviors common to a particular group of objects.

A class contains data and behavior of an entity. For example, the aircraft class can contain data, such as model number, category, and color and behavior, such as duration of flight, speed, and number of passengers. A class inherits the data members and behaviors of other classes by extending from them.

3. What is an object?

They are instance of classes. It is a basic unit of a system. An object is an entity that has attributes, behavior, and identity. Attributes and behavior of an object are defined by the class definition.

.NET Framework

1. What is .NET Framework?

.NET Framework is a complete environment that allows developers to develop, run, and deploy the following applications:

• Console applications
• Windows Forms applications
• Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) applications
• Web applications (ASP.NET applications)
• Web services
• Windows services
• Service-oriented applications using Windows Communication Foundation (WCF)
• Workflow-enabled applications using Windows Workflow Foundation (WF)

.NET Framework also enables a developer to create sharable components to be used in distributed computing architecture. NET Framework supports the object-oriented programming model for multiple languages, such as Visual Basic, Visual C#, and Visual C++. .NET Framework supports multiple programming languages in a manner that allows language interoperability. This implies that each language can use the code written in some other language.

2. What are the main components of .NET Framework?

.NET Framework provides enormous advantages to software developers in comparison to the advantages provided by other platforms. Microsoft has united various modern as well as existing technologies of software development in .NET Framework. These technologies are used by developers to develop highly efficient applications for modern as well as future business needs. The following are the key components of .NET Framework:

• .NET Framework Class Library
• Common Language Runtime
• Dynamic Language Runtimes (DLR)
• Application Domains
• Runtime Host
• Common Type System
• Metadata and Self-Describing Components
• Cross-Language Interoperability
• .NET Framework Security
• Profiling
• Side-by-Side Execution

Object-Oriented Data Modeling

1.	The fact that the same operation may apply to two or more classes is called what?
	A. Inheritance B. Polymorphism C. Encapsulation D. Multiple classification

2.

The object-oriented development life cycle is which of the following?

A. Analysis, design, and implementation steps in the given order and using multiple iterations. B. Analysis, design, and implementation steps in the given order and going through the steps no more than one time. C. Analysis, design, and implementation steps in any order and using multiple iterations. D. Analysis, design, and implementation steps in any order and going through the steps no more than one time.

3.	Multiplicity is the same as what concept for an ERD?
	A. Relationship B. Attribute C. Entity D. Cardinality

4.	Composition is a stronger form of which of the following?
	A. Aggregation B. Encapsulation C. Inheritance D. All of the above.

5.	An abstract class is which of the following?
	A. A class that has direct instances, but whose descendants may have direct instances. B. A class that has no direct instances, but whose descendants may have direct instances. C. A class that has direct instances, but whose descendants may not have direct instances. D. A class that has no direct instances, but whose descendants may not have direct instances