ESSAY - 1977
Q. Write essays on any two of the following topics:
1. “More than the means of production science transforms the producer himself”.
2. Indian science should be rooted to the Indian soil.
3. Is ecology relevant to India?
4. Education as an avenue of social mobility.
5. Modernization as a contemporary myth.
6. Is consumer protection possible in India?
7. The concept of a welfare state.
8. Role and responsibilities of the judiciary in a Parliamentary democracy.
9. Democracy and the leadership principle.
10. India’s composite culture.
GENERAL ENGLISH - 1977
1. Make a précis of the following passage in about 340 words. The précis should be in your own words.
It should be written on the special sheets provided, which should be fastened securely inside the
answer-book.
N.B. – You will be penalized if your précis is much longer or shorter than the length prescribed.
New things are more evident in the social history of the Western countries than the decline of
interest in inequality as an economic issue. This has been particularly true in the United States
It is only necessary to observe that for some 15 years no serious effort has been made to alter
the present distribution of income. The principal public device for redistribution income is the
progressive income-tax. Not since the Second World War has there been a major effort of modify
this tax in the interest of grater equality. Loopholes have been opened and a few closed. Liberal has
not, however, proposed any important new steps to make the tax more progressive and hence more
egalitarian. The present nominal surtax rates put into effect during the was a temporary measure are
now regarded as permanent.
As a part of the present compromise, liberals do not seek to make current taxes more
progressive. They would, however, rally in opposition to any general reduction in rates on the higher
income brackets. Those who believe the tax has gone too far in enforcing equality are more vocal
But not even a conservative administration such as that of President Eisenhower thought it wise to
tackle the question of surtax reduction.
Apart from the income-tax almost no legislation has been enacted or even discussed in recent
years which have as its main aim the reduction of inequality. Fifty years ago, at the height of the
debate over socialism and capitalism, it would have been hard to imagine there was any other issue.
The decline in concern for inequality cannot be explained by the triumph of equality.
Although this is suggested in the conventional utterances of conservatives and the complaints of
businessmen, inequality in the U.S. is still great. In 1955 the highest ten per cent of the population
averaged as income 27 times as much as the lowest ten per cent. Present laws are also notably
favorable to the person who has wealth as oppose to the individual who is only earning it. Yeats all
this does not arouse the kind of animosity which leads readily to agitation and action.
The first reason why inequality has faded as an issue is that it has not been showing the
expected tendency to get worse. It no longer seems likely that the ownership of the tangible assets of
the republic will be concentrated in a few hands. There has actually been a modest reduction in the
disparity. While taxes have restrained the concentration of income at the top, full employment and
upward pressure on wages have increased well-being at the bottom. In 1928 the 5 per cent with the
highest income received over a third of all income; by 1946 their share was only about 18 per cent.
The war and post war years were a time of rapid improvement for those in the lower bracket.
Between 1941 and 1950 the lowest fifth had a 42 percent increase in income; the highest fifth had
only an 8 per cent increase.
Emulation and envy have always played a large role in the economist’s view of human
motivation. But every operates only as regards nearby neighbors; it is not directed towards the distant
rich. When the individual’s real income is rising, he is not much worried by the wealth of distant.
New Yorkers or Texans.
Another reason for the decline is interest in inequality almost certainly, is the drastically
altered political and social position of the rich in recent times. Broadly speaking, there are three basic
benefits from wealth. First is the satisfaction in the power with which it endows the individual.
Second is the physical possession of the things which money can buy. Third is the esteem that
accrues to the rich man as the result of his wealth. All of these returns to wealth have been greatly
circumscribed in the last fifty years and in a manner which vastly reduces the envy of the not-so-well
of.
In the last half-century the power and prestige of the U.S. government have greatly increased.
This has meant some surrender of authority to Washington. Furthermore, trade unions have invaded
the power of the entrepreneur from another quarter. But most important, the professional manager or
executive has taken away from the man of wealth the power that is implicit in running a business.
Fifty years ago, men like Morgan and Rockefeller were the undisputed masters of the business
concerns, they owned. Their sons and grandsons still have the wealth, but with rare exceptions, the
power implicit in the running of the firms has passed to professionals. As the power that went with
active business direction was lost, so was the hostility.
The enjoyment of the physical possession of things would seem to be one of he prerogatives
of wealth which has been little impaired. Presumably nothing has happened to keep the rich man
who can afford them from enjoying his art treasures. This is all the more enjoyable because it is all
the more noticeable, in a world where nearly everyone is poor. But as the rich have become more
numerous, they have inevitably become a debased currency. Moreover, the display of wealth which
was a characteristic of the latter part of the last century in the United States has come to be
condemned as vulgar. Thus, with the decline of ostentation, or its vulgarization, wealth and hence
inequality were no longer flagrantly advertised. Being less advertised hey was less noticed and less
resented.
At one time the intellectual, politician, or man of general ambition saw the rich man achieve
distinction without effort, in contrast with his own struggle. He reacted by helping to focus the
resentment of the community as a whole on the rich. Now he rises into the ranks of the professional
managers and may even compete on tolerably equal terms with the grandson of the founder of the
firm. Prestige and power are now far more intimately identified with those who, regardless of
personal wealth, administer productive activity. (998 words)
50
2. (a) After being trained at one of the foremost engineering institutions in America you have been
working for 5 years in a responsible position in a manufacturing concern in that country. You
now wish to return to India. Your father, while welcoming the prospect of having you with
him, wonders why you want to return. Write him a letter of about 400 words, explaining your
reasons.
Or
You are an officer in the storage department of a government agency whose business is the
purchase, storage and distribution of food grains. You are faced with the problem of finding
storage space for 20,000 tons of wheat. The monsoon is expected in a month’s time.
Write a letter of about 400 words to your superior officer, describing the situation and
requesting permission to devise such make-shift arrangements as you can so as to save the
wheat from being damaged by the weather, and by pests and rodents, and also from being
depleted by thieves. Describe the arrangements you propose to make.
N.B. – Sign yourself X. Do not give your name or roll number or address or any other clue to
your identity.
(b) Write a SINGLE paragraph of not more than 150 words making a critical examination of one
of the following statements:
(i) “There is no duty we so much understate as the duty of being happy”.
(ii) “Remember that the most beautiful things in the world are the most useless”.
(iii) “The true university of these days is a collection of boods”.
(iv) “Politics is perhaps the only profession for which no preparation is necessary”.
(v) “To may mind, there is nothing so illiberal and so illiberal as audible laughter:
3. Compare the following two passages on the Educated Person in respect of the ideas contained in
them, and the light they throw on the personalities of the writers.
(A) The expression “an educated person” might be taken to apply to an individual who, being
possessed of average intelligence, application and memory, has devoted several years.
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