CHRONOLOGY OF PRINCIPAL EVENTS

BC

2800-2000 Harappan Culture
From 1500 Coming of the Aryans
1200-800 Expansion of the Aryans in the Ganga Valley
600 Age of the 16 Mahajanapadas of northern india
563-483 Gautama Buddha
540-468 Mahavira
542-493 Bimbisara rules Magadha
493-461 Ajatshatru rule Magadha


413-362 Shishunaga dynasty
362-321 Nanda dynasty
327-326 Alexander’s invasion
321 Chandragupta Maurya establishers the Mauryan empire
315 Visit of Megasthenes of India
268-232 Ashok’a reign
185 Fall of the Mauryan Empire
1st century Bactrian rule in the north-west
1st century Rise of the Satavahanas
58 Beginning of the Vikram era
1st century Shakas in western India
1st century Sangam period in the south
AD
78 Kanishka’s accession and the beginning of the Shaka era
3rd century Decline of the Kushanas
3rd century Decline of the Satavahanas
319-320 Accession of Chandragupta I and establishment of the Gupta dynasty
335-375 Samudragupta
375-415 Chandragupta II
405-411 Visit of Fa-Hien
450 The first Huna attack on the Gupta empire
560-903 The pallavas establish their kingdom
543-755 The rise of Chalukyas of Vatapi
606-647 Reign of Harshavardhana
630-643 Hieun Tsang in India
609-642 Reign of Pulakesi II, the Chalukya king

622 Beginning of the Hijri era
712 Arab Conquest of Sind
750 Pala dynasty founded by Gopala in eastern India
753 Rise of the Rashtrakuta empire
800 Shankaracharya
840 Rise of the Pratiharas under Bhoja
907 Parantaka I establishes Chola power in south India
973-1192 Foundation of the kingdom of the later Chalukyas is laid
985-1014 Reign of Rajaraja Chola
1014-1044 Reign of Rajendra Chola
1000-1027 Invasions of Mahmud of Ghazni
1030 Alberuni in India; Death of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni
1191 1st Battle of Tarain
1192 Second battle of Tarain, defeat of Prithviraj III by Muhammad Ghuri
1206 Qutab-ud-din Aibak founds the Slave dynasty
1206 Death of Muhammad Ghori
1210 Death of Qutab-ud-din Aibak
1210 Accession of Iltutmish
1236 Death of Iltutmish and accession of Raziya
1265-1285 Reign of Balban
1288-1295 Marco Pole visits south India
1290 Khilji dynasty founded
1296-1316 Reign of Ala-ud-din Khilji
1302-1311 Malik Kafur’s campaign in south India
1320 Tughlaq dynasty founded
1325-1351 Reign of Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq; Ibn Batuta in India
1336 Foundation of the Vijayanagar kingdom is laid
1347 Foundation of the Bahmini kingdom is laid
1351-1388 Reign of Firoz Shah Tughlaq
1398 Timur’s invasion
1414-1451 Reign of the Sayyid dynasty
1451-1526 Reign of the Lodi dynasty
1440-1518 Kabir
1469-1539 Nanak
1482-1518 Dissolution of the Bahmani emergence of five new kingdoms – Bijapur, Golconda, Ahmednagar, Bidar and Berar
1498 Arrival of Vasco-de-Game in india
1509-1530 Reign of Krishnadevaraya
1526 First Battle of Panipat, Babar defeats Ibrahim Lodi. Mughal Empire founded in India.
1527 Battle of Khanwa, Babar defeats Rana Sanga
1530 Death of Babar and accession of Humayun
1539 Sher Shah defeats Humayun at Chausa
1545 Death of Sher Shah

NEXT: CONTINUATION OF AD

HINDU SOCIO-RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS

HINDU SOCIO-RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS

Organization	Year	Place	Founder	Remark
1. Brahmo Samaj	1828	Calcutta	Rammohan Roy	Aim same as above
2. Prarthana Samaj	1867	Bombay	Atmaram Pandurang	Later joined M.G. Ranade and R.G. Bhandarkar.
3. Arya Samaj	1875	Bombay	Dayanand Saraswati	Aims – reform of Hinduism and prevention of the conversions
4.Theosophical	1875	New York	Blavatsky and Olcott	Came to India and established at Adyar, near Madras
5. Deccan Education Society	1884	Poona	G.G. Agarkar
6. Ramakrishna Mission	1897	Belur	Vivekananda
7. Servants of India Society	1905	Bombay	G.K. Gokhale

 

GROWTH OF INDIAN PRESS

Paper	Founder(s)	Year	Place
1. Bengal Gazette (first paper from India)	James Augustus Hicky	1780	Calcutta
2. Mirat-ul- Akhbar (first journal in Persian)	Rammohan Roy	1822	Calcutta
3. Rast Goftar (A Gujarati fortnightly)	Dadabhai Naoroji	1851	Bombay
4. Madras Mail (First evening paper in India)	Not available	1868	Madras
5. Hindu	G.S. Aiyar & Viraraghavachari	1878	Madras
6. Kesari (Maratha daily)	Tilak	1881	Bombay
7. Maharatta (English weekly)	Tilak	1881	Bombay

CONGRESS SESSIONS

Year	Venue	President	Remark
1885	Bombay	W.C. Bonnerji	Attended by 72 delegates
1887	Madras	Badrudding Tyabji	First Muslim President
1888	Allahabad	George Yule	First English President
1907	Surat	Rashbehari Ghosh	Congress split
1917	Calcutta	Mrs. Annie Besant	First Woman Preside
1920	Nagpur	C. Vijaya Raghava Chariyar	Change in the constitution of the congress
1924	Belgaon	Mahatma Gandhi
1934	Bombay	Rajendra Prasad	Formation of Congress Socialist Party
1937	Faizpur	Jawaharlal Nehru	First session to be held in a village.

 NEXT:CHRONOLOGY OF PRINCIPAL EVENTS

RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS OF MEDIEVAL INDIA

A. South India
1. Though bhakti was traced back to the Upanishads, the Bhagwat gita and the Purana as movement in began in South India.
2. The Alwars (Vaishnavites) and nayanmars (Shaivites) Popularized the bhakti cult in Southern India.
3. Sankracharya was born in Kaladi (Kerala) in 788 A.D. He propounded the advaita philosophy. He also wrote commentaries on the Brahmsutras and Upanishads.
4. He established mathas at Sringeri, Dwarha, Puri and badrinath. The claim that he founded the Kanchi math is disputed.

5. Ramanuja was born in Sriperambur. He opposed the Mayavad of Shankara and advocated the philosophyof Vishishtha advaithavad. He founded the Shri vaishnava sect.
6. Shrikanthacharya founded the Sivadvaita.
7. Madhavcharya founded the dvaita philosophy. He was born in Kalyanpura in South Kenara district.
8. Vallabhacharya was born in Benaras in 1479. He lived in the court of Krishnadeva Raya. He propounded the Shuddha advaitavad.
9. Haridas founded the purandardasa movement.
10. The Lingayat movement was founded by Basava. The sect was also known as virasaiva sect.


B. Maharashtra
11. Namdeva had disciples like Gora (potter), Sena (barbar), Choka (untouchable), janbai (maid) etc. His abhangas are included in Guru granth sahib.
12. Eknath was a family man and said that stay in institution or monasteries of resignation from the world are not necessary to lead a religious life.
13. Tukaram was Sudra by birth. He earned the gratitude of Shivaji. He worked for Hindu-Muslim unity.
14. Ramdas wrote the Dasabodha. He was the guru of Shivaji. He started the cult of aramartha.


C. North India (Saguna)

15. Chaitanya or Vishambhar misra belonged to the Dasmani sect. he started the Achintayabheda bhedavada. He spent most of his time preaching in Orissa.
16. Tulsidas (1532-1623) wrote the Ramacharitamanas. Vinaypatrika and Kavitavali.
17. Mirabai was a Rajput princess of Merta. She was married to Bhojaraja, the eldest son of Rana Sanga. She was famous for her devotion to Krishan. Guru Nanak founded the Sikh sect. He was born in Talwandi.

D. North India (Nirguna)
18. Ramananda was born in Allahabad but settled in Varanasi. He founded the Ramanandi sect.
19. Kabir was brought up in Varanasi. According to him Ram, Rahim, Allah etc were all the same. His disciples formed the Kabirpanthi sect. His songs are found in the Adigranth.
20. Nanak (1469-1539) – a. Like Kabir, he also preached a casteless, universal, ethical, anti-ritualistic, monotheistic and highly spiritual religion. a. Differences between Nanak and Kabir: i. Nanak laid greater stress on the purity of character and conduct as the first condition of approaching God, and ii. Also the need of a guru for guidance. c. After his death, his followers called themselves ‘Sikhs’ and a new religious sect, Sikhism, was founded.



SIKHS
1. The Sikhs belonged to a religious sect founded by Guru Nanak.
2. Second Guru was Guru Angad (1539-1552) who started Gurumukhi script.
3. The third guru was Amardas.
4. The fourth Guru was Ramdas (1572-81). Akbar had a great veneration for this guru. Akbar granted Ramdas a plot of land at Amritsar.
5. The fifth guru was Guru Arjun (1581-1606) who compiled the ‘Adigranth’. At Amritsar he constructed the famous Sikh Temple. (Golden Temple) He helped prince Khusrau which incensed Jahangir, who killed him in 1606.
6. Guru Hargivond (1606-1645) gathered a small army around him. He defeated a Mughal army at Sangrama, near Amritsar. In 1634, he shifted his headquarters to Kiratpur.
7. After Har Rai (1644-1661) and Har Kishan (1661-1664) Teg Bahadur became the guru. He was the son of Hargovind. He settled at Anandpur. He was executed by Aurangzeb in 1675.
8. Guru Govind Singh instituted the custom of Baptism (Pakul). Those who accepted it were called ‘Khalsa’. He compied a supplementary granth called ‘Daswen Padshah Ka Granth’. An afghan at Nandur stabbed him to death in 1708.



SUFI MOVEMENT
1. The world Sufi is derived from ‘suf’ or wook. The pir or the preceptor lived in his hospice called Khanqah. They believed in religious music called ‘sama’ which led to ecstasy.
2. They were divided into Ba-Shara (who followed the Islamic law) and be- Shara (who were not bound by the Shara).
3. The Suhrawardi order was founded by Sheikh Shihabuddin Suhrawardi.
4. Firdausi order was founded by Badruddin Samarqandi in Delhi.
5. The Chisti order was funded in India by Muinuddin Chisti.
6. Qutub Minar is named after the Chisti saint Qutubuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki.
7. Nizamuddin Auliya had trouble with Mubarak Khalji and Ghyasuddin Khilji. He founded the Nizamia order.

NEXT:HINDU SOCIO-RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS