1. Though bhakti was traced back to the Upanishads, the Bhagwat gita and the Purana as movement in began in South India.
2. The Alwars (Vaishnavites) and nayanmars (Shaivites) Popularized the bhakti cult in Southern India.
3. Sankracharya was born in Kaladi (Kerala) in 788 A.D. He propounded the advaita philosophy. He also wrote commentaries on the Brahmsutras and Upanishads.
4. He established mathas at Sringeri, Dwarha, Puri and badrinath. The claim that he founded the Kanchi math is disputed.
5. Ramanuja was born in Sriperambur. He opposed the Mayavad of Shankara and advocated the philosophyof Vishishtha advaithavad. He founded the Shri vaishnava sect.
6. Shrikanthacharya founded the Sivadvaita.
7. Madhavcharya founded the dvaita philosophy. He was born in Kalyanpura in South Kenara district.
8. Vallabhacharya was born in Benaras in 1479. He lived in the court of Krishnadeva Raya. He propounded the Shuddha advaitavad.
9. Haridas founded the purandardasa movement.
10. The Lingayat movement was founded by Basava. The sect was also known as virasaiva sect.
B. Maharashtra
11. Namdeva had disciples like Gora (potter), Sena (barbar), Choka (untouchable), janbai (maid) etc. His abhangas are included in Guru granth sahib.
12. Eknath was a family man and said that stay in institution or monasteries of resignation from the world are not necessary to lead a religious life.
13. Tukaram was Sudra by birth. He earned the gratitude of Shivaji. He worked for Hindu-Muslim unity.
14. Ramdas wrote the Dasabodha. He was the guru of Shivaji. He started the cult of aramartha.
C. North India (Saguna)
15. Chaitanya or Vishambhar misra belonged to the Dasmani sect. he started the Achintayabheda bhedavada. He spent most of his time preaching in Orissa.
16. Tulsidas (1532-1623) wrote the Ramacharitamanas. Vinaypatrika and Kavitavali.
17. Mirabai was a Rajput princess of Merta. She was married to Bhojaraja, the eldest son of Rana Sanga. She was famous for her devotion to Krishan. Guru Nanak founded the Sikh sect. He was born in Talwandi.
D. North India (Nirguna)
18. Ramananda was born in Allahabad but settled in Varanasi. He founded the Ramanandi sect.
19. Kabir was brought up in Varanasi. According to him Ram, Rahim, Allah etc were all the same. His disciples formed the Kabirpanthi sect. His songs are found in the Adigranth.
20. Nanak (1469-1539) – a. Like Kabir, he also preached a casteless, universal, ethical, anti-ritualistic, monotheistic and highly spiritual religion. a. Differences between Nanak and Kabir: i. Nanak laid greater stress on the purity of character and conduct as the first condition of approaching God, and ii. Also the need of a guru for guidance. c. After his death, his followers called themselves ‘Sikhs’ and a new religious sect, Sikhism, was founded.
SIKHS
1. The Sikhs belonged to a religious sect founded by Guru Nanak.
2. Second Guru was Guru Angad (1539-1552) who started Gurumukhi script.
3. The third guru was Amardas.
4. The fourth Guru was Ramdas (1572-81). Akbar had a great veneration for this guru. Akbar granted Ramdas a plot of land at Amritsar.
5. The fifth guru was Guru Arjun (1581-1606) who compiled the ‘Adigranth’. At Amritsar he constructed the famous Sikh Temple. (Golden Temple) He helped prince Khusrau which incensed Jahangir, who killed him in 1606.
6. Guru Hargivond (1606-1645) gathered a small army around him. He defeated a Mughal army at Sangrama, near Amritsar. In 1634, he shifted his headquarters to Kiratpur.
7. After Har Rai (1644-1661) and Har Kishan (1661-1664) Teg Bahadur became the guru. He was the son of Hargovind. He settled at Anandpur. He was executed by Aurangzeb in 1675.
8. Guru Govind Singh instituted the custom of Baptism (Pakul). Those who accepted it were called ‘Khalsa’. He compied a supplementary granth called ‘Daswen Padshah Ka Granth’. An afghan at Nandur stabbed him to death in 1708.
SUFI MOVEMENT
1. The world Sufi is derived from ‘suf’ or wook. The pir or the preceptor lived in his hospice called Khanqah. They believed in religious music called ‘sama’ which led to ecstasy.
2. They were divided into Ba-Shara (who followed the Islamic law) and be- Shara (who were not bound by the Shara).
3. The Suhrawardi order was founded by Sheikh Shihabuddin Suhrawardi.
4. Firdausi order was founded by Badruddin Samarqandi in Delhi.
5. The Chisti order was funded in India by Muinuddin Chisti.
6. Qutub Minar is named after the Chisti saint Qutubuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki.
7. Nizamuddin Auliya had trouble with Mubarak Khalji and Ghyasuddin Khilji. He founded the Nizamia order.
NEXT:HINDU SOCIO-RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS
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