Introducing the Policy Options Framework(cont...)

In each of the four program management stages, action areas that play an important role in both modes of intervention for prevention and control of NCDs are identified (Table 5.1). The population-based interventions are divided into policy options that lie within the control of the non-health and health sector.

Similarly, the individual-based interventions are
divided into preventive services at the clinical level and treatment options at the primary and secondary levels of care. Tertiary-level care options are not discussed in the framework as the evidence on cost-effectiveness from Chapter 4 indicates that provision of financial protection to the poor against catastrophic expenditure is the main area where government should intervene.

In the policy context, the two intervention modes are not always mutually exclusive. Several areas are cross-cutting, including assessing system capacity, developing national plans and strategies and expanding human resources. Considering both modes is important and practical—although the balance depends on the situation.